Countries

A country, or nation-state, is a defined territory with its own government, population, and sovereignty. The concept of the modern nation-state emerged in Europe during the 17th century with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which established principles of territorial integrity and non-interference. Today, 193 countries are UN members, plus 2 observer states (Vatican City and Palestine). Some territories, like Taiwan, have disputed status.

Throughout history, the political map has constantly shifted. Ancient empires like Rome, Persia, and China controlled vast territories. The colonial era saw European powers divide Africa and Asia. The 20th century brought massive changes: the fall of empires after World War I, decolonization after World War II, and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. New nations continue to emerge—South Sudan became independent in 2011.

Countries employ various forms of government: democracies, monarchies (constitutional and absolute), federal republics, and authoritarian states. Some nations are part of larger unions like the European Union or African Union. Government structures reflect each nation's history, culture, and values, from Switzerland's direct democracy to Japan's constitutional monarchy to China's single-party system.